Hydrology and Climate Change

Introduction:

The long form of AIDS is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It is caused by infection with the virus HIV. Finally the Immune System becomes seriously weakened so that the body loses its ability to fight with deseases infection that it would normally have fought. The infected person develops a number of serious infection and illness, which eventually leads to death. Once a person who has HIV gets chances to have a number of opportunistic infection. It has been recorded that some people develop AIDS after he is being infected with HIV. Though some live with HIV for ten or more years before developing AIDS. The first case of AIDS in Nepal was recorded in 1988, and the number of AIDS patients were increased and it was 1,790 in 2008. The AIDS patients are increasing even today. The recorded HIV infected patients were 11,000 in 2008. Nepal has limitation of budget allocation in health sector and the limitation of public health system the above given number may not accurate. The actual number of HIV/AIDS infections is thought to be mush higher. It is increasing and the number of HIV/AIDS infected person till now may cross 80,000.

HIV (Human Immune Virus):

Human Immune Virus is a virus that damages the defence system of the body. HIV transmit diseases to body cells of the immune system and destroys their function leading to "Immune Deficiency". A person infected with HIV may look healthy for many years. However, the person is still able to pass on the virus.

Condition of HIV AIDS:

However AIDS isn't a disease but it's caused by Human Immune-Deficiency Virus. When the virus enters human body, it affects the immune system of the body (the defense mechanism of the body). Hence, even a small virus could cause a great hampers in our body after HIV positive.

Transmission:

I. AIDS is transmitted one person to another person during sexual intercourse without the use of the contraceptive devices.
II. It is transmitted to a child from HIV AIDS mother and due to breast feeding.
III. It can transmit from the using of un-sterilized equipment.
IV. It can transmit from prostitution.

Major Symptoms:

I. Loss of weight of the body about 10% per month.
II. Continuous fever for a period of about one month.
III. The patients suffer from diarrhoea for long period of time.
IV. Cough for a long period of time.
V. Itching and rashes on the body.
VI. Infection of other types of disease for long time.
VII. Red Spots appear on the lips and nostrils.

Preventive Measure:

I. Always wear contraceptive devices like condoms while being involved in sexual intercourse.
II. Don't share syringe, needles and razors with the person.

III. Blood should be used only after HIV/AIDS test.
IV. AIDS infected mother should not conceive a baby.

V. Prostitution and girl trafficking should be controlled.
VI. Public awareness programme should be conducted.

Introduction:

Integrated Watershed Management (IWM) is defined as a framework to integrate natural resource management with community livelihoods in a sustainable way. The action plan is known as the silent feature of the integrated watershed management. It addresses the issues of degradation of natural resources, soil erosion, landslides, floods, frequent droughts and desertification, low agricultural productivity, poor water quantity and poor access to land from

watershed management viewpoint. The action area (AA) deals with the new and upcoming challenges, opportunities for the region in the contexts of payment for ecosystem services (PES) and climate change at the watershed level.

Adhikhola watershed area is located at Syangja district in western Nepal, and it covers hills, middle mountaions, and low land with full ecosystem. Adhikhola is a trubutary of Gandaki River, and it has many small tributaries which origanate from middle mountains.

The approaches include:

IWM project takes in hand with the development and implementation of regional research programmes in collaboration with local public organizations, regional and international research institutes. it scales up of good practices by building on past experience and creating new experience from different eco-regions, new methods, technologies and options; and it disseminates and shares of knowledge through broadcasting networks, workshops, training, exposure visits, resource books, how to do manuals, posters, feature articles, leaflets, CDs, and multimedia tools.

Objectives:

The main objective is to develop and pilot equitable to payment for ecosystem service (PES), and methodologies in this region. We can develop it as a pilot project through assessments and research which results for suitable watershed management strategies. It also addresses the adaptation to climate change. This project helps to build capacities of watershed managers to scale up good watershed management practices. It supports policy making in integrated use of resources.

A Brief Definition:

The meaning of abortion is the intentionally ending of a pregnancy at an early stage. An abortion is the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus resulting in or caused by its death. This can occur spontaneously as a miscarriage or be artificially induced by chemical surgical or other means. Abortion can refer to an induced procedure at any point during human pregnancy, and it is sometimes medically defined as either miscarriage or induced termination before the point of viability. The government of Nepal has recognized that the abortion is legal for all women in their choice in certain period of time with the consultation of authored doctor. But we believe that abortion itself is unnatural process and it is against of God. It is against nature and against ecology. As human civilization is continued there are lots of option obtained which are given by nature and man made. It is always better to follow the natural process. We should hate abortion for it is against the God's plan. It is also against human civilization. It will direct to develop unbalance population ecologically and create havoc situations in human civilization. It is true that nobody can create and control the nature. The world and its nature is created by God , and it is control by God only.

Conclusion:

According to spiritual point of view, abortion is regarded as a sinful act which evolve evilness as well as showing hatred to God. As a normal people it is totally craggy and unnatural because it is one of the unfaithful acts in the history of human civilization. Even in this modern world it is still considered dishonorable and crime while some people think it is good measure for the stopping of the increasing population. Children are the major values, richness and the most precious pleasure time or gain of a family which is gifted from GOD. The community people must be defended from the pressure of the unjust law that do not recognize the right and needs of the family values, and it disfigures family value with false understanding of marriage that do not respect the original plan of GOD. It effects in whole society and breaks the civilization.

It is known and everyone noticed that glaciers are melting faster than the usual normal rate that will cause the avalanche in high mountains and the streams and rivers to overflow causing flooding. The increasing rate of melting of the glaciers causes to the formation of more numbers of glacial lakes in high Himalayas. This is a reality that many places have and are currently facing difficulties of formation of glacial lake which is danger for all living in down stream catchments. Those living in close proximity to these rivers will need to relocate. Farmlands usually the rice lands get destroyed with these flood waters. Higher on mountains this excess water creates glacial lakes. As these lakes keep getting filled with more water which pressure on the moraine boundaries of the lake and creates Glacial Lake Out-burst Flood (GLOF). There is always a threat of these lakes bursting, causing huge floods in villages and city situated below. The outburst of Kosi-Dam in 2008 in Nepal is an example that around one million people from Nepal and India were homeless and many people lost their life.

On the other side, once the glacier has totally melted, the streams and rivers discharge either will be decreased or will run dry causing the farmland will turn dry. Those depending on freshwater from the melting glacier will have to relocate. Places that depend on the constant flow of this water for the production of electricity will have to look for other sources to produce electricity. This will cause further atmospheric pollution and it will be costly much more to produce or generate power. Sea levels that have already risen due to warmer waters will rise even further when all this water from glaciers melting enter into the sea. At immediate risk will be created to those living in low-lying in close surrounding areas to seashores. These areas will get flooded and groundwater will get polluted with sea water making it unfit for human uses where all these people will have to relocate. Maldives in South-Asian continent is already facing problem,

Ecologically, many animals, birds, plants and fishes that depend on the fresh water from glaciers will become endangered. Corals will suffer because of low sunlight due to increasing sea-levels. Fish feeding on these corals will in turn get affected. Animals and birds feeding on these fishes will be affected.There are many more dangers that could yield up due to fast melting glaciers in the coming years if we do not do something to reduce the threat of global warming. Each one of us can play a role in helping reduce harmful emissions, leading to a possible reduction of global warming in the days to come.

A glacier can be defined as a huge block of ice which is formed from falling snow. Glaciers contain almost all of the fresh water present on earth. Glaciers are formed in places where the temperatures are extremely cold. This could even include places that are at sea level, but are mostly places that are high up on mountains. In such cold places that it snows most of the year. This snowfall will settle down and when it snows again the lower layer of snow gets compressed. When the snowfall continue, the below layers will compress more finally turning into hard ice, it is accumulated getting bigger in size. This hard ice larger in size is the formation of the glacier. When the temperature increases slightly, the outer edges of the formed glacier and fresh snow will melt. If the melting of glacier is greater amount than the glacier formation, it is known as ablation of glacier. For a glacier to form and sustain itself it is of prime importance that the amount of snow that falls on it must be more than the amount of glacier that has melted. This is the only way in which the glacier will be able to maintain itself and keep increasing in size year after year. The increasing amount of glacier is known as accumulation of glacier.

The only criterion is that falling snow must exceed the melting ice to sustain the glacier. Many people worldwide depend on melting glaciers for survival. All their freshwater needs are met by these melting glaciers year through. This is the main sources of water and people use for drinking and irrigation purpose. But in these days glaciers are melting faster year by year than collection. It has not only creating avalanche and flooding in down stream but the fresh water resources are also vanishing.

It has been noticed that glaciers have melted more than normal over the past decades. Many glaciers in south-Asian continent have melted so fast over the past few decades that they have nearly to be vanished from the south face Himalayas. And the melting process is increasing each year such that many glaciers are reducing in size year after year because the falling snow is not able to replace the amount of melting ice.

Glaciers are melting faster today as compared to the past decades and the reason is sudden and rapid industrialization which in turn has caused global warming what we say green house effect. Global warming is nothing but the rise in average global temperature. The 'industrial revolution' is the main cause of this rise in average temperature. It is due to this increase in temperature that glaciers are melting more than they are accumulated. When a glacier melts fully, it exposes the earth surface below. Glaciers absorb approximately 20% heat from the sun, reflecting back 80%. When the earth gets exposed this percentage gets reversed. This in turn causes a further increase in temperature. This is a vicious trap which has already begun and it will be almost impossible for us to stop it totally. As a result, in the future, the global temperature will in all likelihood keep increasing, and melting glaciers even faster than they are today.

Nepal is a landlocked country with a total area of 147,181 Km2 situated in South-Asian continent. Nepal, a country having peculiar diverse fauna and flora, lies between China on the north and India on the east, south and west. Its shape is long rectangular with eastern line is shorter than on the west. It stands on a latitude of 26degree 22' to 30degree 27' north and longitude is between 80degree 04' to 66degree 12' east. The east west length of the country is 885 Km. parallel to the Himalayan axis. Its altitude varies from 50-220 m. in the south rising to 8849 m. at the north. Within the small area the country has all possible land form features of the earth except the volcanic and coral islands and marine. The physiography of the land is very interesting. The country has plain areas in the south, hills and valleys in the middle and lofty Himalayas in the north.

Nepal can be divided into following regions:

(1) Terai Plain, (2) Churia Hills or Siwaliks, (3) Mahabharat Ranges, (4) Middle or Central Hills, (5) Higher or Great Himalayas.

Ecologically, Nepal can be divided into three regions:

(1) Low land including Terai, Bhabhar, Churia and Mahabharat range upto 915 m.
(2) Midland including Mahabharat range 915m as well as Middle Hill upto 2749m.
(3) Highland Great Himalayas including all regions above 2749m to 8848m. Mt. Everest.

The following is the approximate estimate of land in Nepal:

S. No. Zones Climate Approximate Area
1 TeraiPlain Subtropical 25,000Sq.km.

2 Churia hills or Siwalik range Subtropical 24,000 Sq. km.
3 Mahabharat range Temperate 24,000 Sq. km.
4 Midland Temperate 36,081 Sq. km.
5 Highland or Great Himalayas Alpine 48100 Sq. km.

Kathmandu valley:

My locality is situated in the heart of the Lalitpur city, Kumariparti. It’s provided with all sorts of infrastructures and regarded as the cleanliest part of the city. The community people donate to build the pitches of the road and built two water drainage's canals in left and right sides of the road. The people are themselves paying for the private cleaners. Pollution level of this area is very low and is minimized by the effort of the community people. As Patan Hospital was the chief factor for the air pollution, it liberated a lot of smoke but now the emission level of the hazardous gas has been controlled and reduced to a normal level. Hence no other pollution has affected in our locality; Let us talk about the water pollution level of Bagmati river in Kathmandu Valley.

As Kathmandu Valley is regarded one of the crowded and over–populated city where various types of pollution are generated in a significant way. The pollution of water is involved in degradation of the environment and the health of the people. The problems are not solved even though there are proper international rules and regulations. Now let us see the detail problem of the Valley.

Initially unwanted physical, biological and chemical aspects of water which degrade its standard quality are called water pollution and these are the main sources for the pollution in the water pollutants. Now we are talking about the polluted Bagmati River the prestige of Kathmandu valley. About 40 years before the Bagmati River was one of the purest river in Nepal. It was so pure that people used the river water for drinking purpose also. Because of the fertile land Kathmandu valley was covered by rice planting. Government of Nepal had planned and separated the land in such a way that almost low lands were planed for rice plantation and it was known as Green Belt where it was prohibited or banded to build houses for settlement. some areas are separated for religious areas and it is also banned to build houses closely. It was so nice and no pollution at all. As the democracy came in 1990 from mass struggle the populations are increasing in this valley year after year in such way that the increased population is about 1000% within 15 years, and now the valley is covered by concrete building. The sewage system is compulsorily applied by Municipality. But unfortunately the sewage drainage pipes are directly connected to the Bagmati River, so the Bagmati River is now so polluted that it is one of the dirtiest (worst) river of the world. The oxygen level of the river is less than the normal level, it is 0.0%. Hence this proves that the water is contaminated, and there is no life at all. Throwing all sorts of waste products, dead animals, following daily activities like bathing, cleaning utensils and clothes, solid waste, waste of industries, laboratories are the major factor for the pollution of Baghmati River. Various rivulets of the Baghmati River are also getting impure leading to Water-Borne diseases. It has been affecting the health of the people and leading even to death. As though the management committee has formed, their activities are limited in workshop and seminar, it is totally unsuccessful and the water is still infected with harmful bacteria and viruses. The sewage and drainage waste are all thrown in this river affecting the river in a significant way day by day. The sewage pipes are directly extended in the Baghmati River and its tributaries where all the human excreta are disposed. Similarly various ponds and lakes around the valley are also getting stained, and most of them are vanished.

Main Causes of Pollution:

I. The following wastage from daily activities like bathing, cleaning, solid wastage are connected to bagmati river.

II. The solid and liquid wastes of various industries factories, laboratories, automobiles directly thrown in water without the further process of filtration.
III. Washing of Chemical fertilizers, insecticides in the near source of water by rain water also pollutes water.
IV. Disposing of various human excreta, dead animals, dead animals and other waste products are affecting the quality of the water.

V. As shown in the picture above the homeless people are settling down on the bank of the river. It is danger for them during rainy season because of flood; And the river water is so polluted and is so bad smelt that we can not stand near by river.

The Measures to control river water :

I. The waste products from each houses must be minimized. The biodegradable and non biodegradable waste must be separated before throwing into the pit.
II. The waste products of industries, hospitals, laboratories, automobiles, factories and sewage water must be controlled by themselves and be filtrated as purification process before disposing it into the river water.
III. Public awareness program must be held to reduce the level of water pollution.
IV. The Government or the management authority must make strict and proper rules and regulations for the prevention of water pollution.

Hence the above measures are for the solution which will benefit the health of the people and the proper quality of the water. The above measures could be implemented in further improvement of the Baghmati River which can regard the place as the centre of pilgrimage and the salvation center.