Hydrology and Climate Change

A Smart Manager

A manager is a senior most post of the organization, but different organization has different names for the top post of their organizations. The senior most posts are named as Director, Manager and Chief Executive Officer. In these days the Chief Executive Officer is the head of the staffs in banks. In some organizations Director is the head of the staffs in NGO (Non-Government Organization) and INGO (International Non-Government Organization). A Manager is a responsible person, so he has to manage his staffs properly in distribution of work load to all staffs equally and fairly. He has to courage his staffs in every corner of the difficulties. He has understanding in nature and to take care of his staffs with heart. He should have always in happy mood, helpful in nature, courageous, result oriented and a good planner. He should be a strong by nature and of course hard worker.

The quality of a good Manager is such that he should be a Team Leadership by nature, potentially capable, polite, flexible, and he should be practically qualified. Education is the plus point, but it is not compulsory. In many cases it is found that those persons who has practical knowledge are succeeded without education. So, education degree does not hold or grip the CEO (chief Executive Officer) successes.

A good CEO should be a responsible person, strong and proper evaluation and committed person. He should be a quick, proper and correct decision maker. According to the report popularisation and high pay scale does not matter the affect of successes. The transparency at every possible manner and group ideas sharing are other examples for good management. Very strong with lovely person, close attachment to the staffs, proper transparency explore to office matter throughout to all staffs are important for a CEO successes. These days PPP (Private Public Partnership) is common in all private sector organization which is known as working and workers beneficial. Acceptance of skepticism, time managing, office friendly, office celebrations and cooperation are other parts to be followed by a good CEO.

A Brief Introduction

Climate is usually defined as the average weather or more accurately it is statistical distribution of climatological parameters in term of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from decades to thousands of years. The classical period is 30 years as defined by WMO. These relevant quantities are temperature, precipitation and wind.

Climate Change is defined as the change in the statistical distribution of weather over a periods of time that range from decades to thousands of years. It is a change in the distribution of weather events in average. Climate change may be limited to certain region or may occur across the whole earth. The climate change over a period of time are due to natural variability or human activities.

Studies of Himalayas glaciers by Nepalese and foreign scientists indicated that the Himalayas glaciers are retreating since last 150 years. In Nepal temperature was recorded since 1955 and the recorded temperature data are in increasing trend. The impacts of climate change are shown as particularly in glaciers where the glaciers are retreating in some places and forming the hundreds numbers of glacial lakes in Higher Himalayas in which twenty numbers of glacial lakes are in danger condition for GLOF but glaciers in some places are almost washed away completely. The formation of Imja glacial lake is an example of impacts of climate changes. Since 1955 to 1963 the area of Imja lake was 0.03Sq.km and its area was 0.75Sq.km in 1999. Similarly the area of Imja lake is increasing each year. Over the period of 50 years the volume of lake water was estimated 15 millions cubic meter. The Imja glacier lake is existing at the height of 5010m from the sea level. If the Imja glacial lake is outburst, the estimated 15 millions comics volume of water could be drained out. This flow will occur within a few hours of duration. The resulting flood could cause serious damages in down stream, threatening in human lives, live stokes, valuable farm land, bridges, hydro power plants, roads and other infrastructures. The impacts of the climate changes in Himalayas region are very high.

Factors that can shape climate are often called climate feedback. These climate feedback are variations in solar radiation, deviations in earth orbits, mountain building, continental drift and changes in green house gas concentrations. Some parts of climate changes system responds very slowly in reaction to climate changes feedback's because of its large masses. The climate system in oceans and ice caps respond very slowly because of their large masses. Therefore the climate change system can take some decades, century or longer to fully respond. The increase of carbon green house emission gases concentrations cause to increase average temperature on earth. The increase of average temperature on earth is known as the Global Warming. As the earth is getting warmer and warmer, the disasters like hurricane's, droughts and floods are continuing more frequently. Over The last 100 years, the average temperature of air near the earth's surface is increasing. The analysis of the recorded temperature data (from 1965 to 2000) shows that the increase in temperature is about 0.06 degree Celsius per year. The three hottest year ever observed have occurred in the last ten years. It is not only about how much the earth is warming, it is also about how fast it is warming. There has always been natural climate changes, but those changes were over a periods of 10,000 to 50,000 years. Now the question is how fast it is warming and why? The average temperature is increased as fast as we have seen over the last 30 years has never happened before. The other feedback for climate changes are Plate tectonics, Solar-outputs, Orbital variations, Ocean variability and human influences. In the duration of the Carboniferous period, Plate tectonics may have activated the large scale storage of carbon and increased glaciations.

The Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in going to be held from December 6 to December 18, 2009. Delegations from 192 countries will hold two weeks of talk in Copenhagen aiming to commit and establish a new global treaty on Climate Change. Every delegations and scientists from different countries will gather together in one place to find out a solution and will be signed on the agreement with commitment which plays a vital role to reduce the carbon green house emission gases from the earth surface. These warmer carbon green house emission gases from the earth rise up and covered the whole earth as a blanket that plays a barrier where ultravoilet heat ray from the sun come down to the earth but the emitted and radiated heat from the earth can not cross the blanket shape carbon green house emission gases barrier, but these emitted gases return black to the earth again. The effect of carbon green house emission gases as a barrier is known as the Green House Effect (GHE). The carbon green house emission gases are known as Green House Eission Gases (GHEG). These processes are continuing, and when the concentrations of GHEG over the earth is increased, the earth is warming globally by the effect of GHEG is known as Global Warming. As in Nepalese context, we have receoded temperature data since 1955, the average temperature data is in increasing trend since 1955 to till now. The Climate Change Experts, scientists, leaders and Heads of Government from different countries are attending the Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen to be held aiming to reduce carbon GHEG with commitment. We, all poeple, from different countries are hopeful and very optimistic in the reduction of carbon green house emission gases or Global Warming. The Global Warming is hot issue in these days, and it is even in danger position for all living creatures, if the carbon GHEG are not reduced right now.

A good news came from BBC last week that Brazilian Head of Government Mr. Presedent Lula said "Climate Change in the world is most challenging issue", and he has announced that they are aiming to achieve a reduction of 36% to 39% on its carbon emission by the year 2020. If it meets their promise, green house emissiom gases would be near 1994 levels. It is good news for all of us, and we are hopeful that it will encourage to other leaders from other nations to announce their commitment in reduction of carbon emissiom gases, which is not a public target, but it makes known to public in advance of the major UN Climate Change Submit in Copenhagen next week in December 2009.

Brazil hopes to put pressure on richer nations to declare their intentiona and break the deadlock in the nogotiations. It shows that the coming UN Climate Change Submit will definitely help to find out a solution in new direction in carbon emission reduction. From the analysis of the weather pattern it is known us that Climate Change is due to the Global Warming, and it is man made problem or human influences.

After one week Mr. Barak Obama, President of United States of America, has decided to attend the UN Climate Change Submit in Copenhagen. Mr. President would pledge to cut green house emission gases in several stages, earlier US announced to cut green house emission gases with a 17% cut by 2020.

Similarly China has also decided to reduce its carbon intensity by 40-45% by the year 2020. China's decision is a wake-up call to India. According to a recent report, India is the largest country to produce big amount of carbon green house emission gases in such that India will produce about 1.2 bn tones at present to between 4bn and 7bn by 2030.

Introduction:

Air pollution is known as the unwanted physical, biological and chemical portions which degrade its standard quality. The main sources for the pollution are the air pollutants. In case of Kathmandu Valley when we look at down to the valley from aeroplane, it looks like the whole city is covered by dust particle. We can see how air pollution destroys the purity of air resulting degradation of the air quality in the valley which directly effects human being during resperition.

The main pollution in Kathmandu is vehicle pollution, because the roads are not properly managed and cleaned. In nepal pitched-roads are not in standard quality. New pitched-roads last hardly for two years. There are dust particles on the roads, and when old vehicles move on such road, the area is covered by dust particles and black gases. This is the main problems in the valley.

Balaju industrial area and Lalitpur industrial area are separated from the main city but it produces different types of toxic gases, lead and complex organic compound etc. during the course of production. It produces mixture of harmful gases like sulphur diooxide, canbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, etc.


Description in Brief

Air pollution is serious problem in kathmandu. It has exceeded the thershold values, and now it is in worst condition. So, in these days many people are facing respiration problem. Meteorological factors are also known to increase the air pollution level in Kathmandu Valley. There are linkages between meteorological processes and air pollution in the lower atmosphere of the Kathmandu Valley. Particulate matter with aerodynamic size less than 10 microns (PM10) and weather conditions (wind speed and direction, precipitation, and temperature) are the two factors for the pollution. Air pollution recorders are established in some junction of the valley and the recorded data are classified according to the United State Environmental protection Agency (USEPA) and Air Quality Index (AQI). Usually seasonal, weekly and daily variations of PM10 concentrations are to be analyzed. Although air pollution is caused by different vehicular and nonvehicular sources, particulate concentrations in Kathmandu Valley are influenced by meteorological factors. These factors are atmospheric stability, wind speed, wind direction. and precipitation.

The physial setting of Kathamndu also influences air pollution concentrations. Hence, it is found that the mountain-valley setting produces mountain valley circulations that influence air pollution transport in winter, and air pollution is carried out of Kathmandu valley during the day, while the mountain freeze causes pollution to return to the Valley at night. Since the variation in PM10 concentrations is influenced by different meteorological factors in addition to sources. People use masks to cover their noses and mouths when they are walking in the streets and in riding bikes. At present 4 million people are living in this crouded capital city, and the numbers of vehicals are also more than road capacity.

We have found two important factors to increase pollution. Usually air pollution raises up during day when temperatrure is increasing, and it gets down at nigh when the temperature is decreasing, and this circulation process is continued. So, the air pollution is countinuing to pose serious health threats. The average amount of total suspended particulate in the air of main commercial areas is greater than 1000 ppm (particle per million). It is too high than WHO standards value 150 to 230 ppm. Recorded benzene level is 23 to 67 ppm that is also more than WHO standards value 5 to 20 ppm. The concentrations of PM10 is 200 ppm and WHO standards only 70 ppm.

Concept of VDC People in Nepal:

Nepal is an under Developing country where majority of the people live in villages and the infrastructure in the VDC is very weak. Like other villages, Eladi VDC is also lacking infrastructure development. There is no electricity available, no Higher-Secondary school. It has poor access to medical services and low access to clean drinking water.

Education and Management:

Education is one of the basic ingredients of the development of the whole community. Nepal cannot therefore develop as a whole unless quality education is provided to those large numbers of people who live in the villages. At present contest government school and private school are different in its quality and its teaching system. So, an advance teaching system is to be applied in all government school as comparable to private school. But some schools located in VDC are also changed in their teaching method from Nepali Medium to English Medium in some subjects like Math, computer, Science, sociology including compulsory English subject. Because the teaching method in Nepali language is more difficult to understanding, and it is totally useless and wastage of time.

Similarly the infrastructures like electrification and motor-able road are other basic needs for the villagers. Electrification and roadways will offer the local community for greater access to markets and greater opportunity to develop local level industry or farm.

· The infrastructure development for sustainable and equitable economic growth are other subject to be required. Women organization like Mother Sakha (Samuha) or Sister Sakha are playing a vital role in poverty reduction.

Human wastage management and Rubie collection management are the other important subjects to maintain healthy environment. At present contest protection of clean drinking water and its uses and management are the other subjects to be implemented. An awareness Campaign programmes about HIV/AIDS, Drugs, smoking and hard drinking, Cleanliness and waste management are also required.